Section 21.9

Convolution Integrals

Multiplication in the s-domain becomes "Convolution" in the time domain. A powerful tool for transfer functions.

1

Introduction

We know .

But .

Instead, it corresponds to a special integral called the Convolution, denoted .

2

Definition

Convolution Integral

Theorem

3

Visual: Sliding Window

Interactive: Overlap Area

We "flip" one function and "slide" it across the other. The area of overlap is the convolution.

4

Worked Examples

Example 1: Calculating Convolution

Calculate directly.

1. Setup:

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2. Integrate:

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3. Verify with Laplace:

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. Matches.

Example 2: Inverse Transform

Find using convolution.

1. Split:

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2. Convolve:

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Trig Identity: .

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3. Solve Integral:

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5

Practice Quiz

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