Section 2.1

Organizing Qualitative Data

Raw data is just noise. Learn how to transform unorganized categorical information into meaningful tables and visual displays.

1

Frequency Distributions

From Raw to Organized

Raw Data is unorganized information collected directly from a source. It must be consolidated into a table to become useful.

Frequency Distribution

A table that lists each category of data and the number of occurrences (count) for each.

Example: Survey Responses

Raw: A, B, A, C, B, A, D, A, B, C
CategoryFrequency
A4
B3
C2
D1
Total10
2

Relative Frequency

Proportions & Percentages

A Relative Frequency Distribution shows the proportion or percentage of observations in each category.

The Formula

Example Calculation

If Category A has 4 occurrences out of 10 total:

3

Bar Graphs & Pareto Charts

Bar Graph

A graphical display where rectangles represent the frequency or relative frequency of each category.

  • Bars can be in any order
  • Bars do NOT touch (categories are discrete)
  • Height = Frequency or Relative Frequency

Pareto Chart

A specific bar graph where bars are arranged in decreasing order of frequency.

LogicLens Insight

Pareto charts highlight the "vital few" vs. the "trivial many"—useful for identifying the most significant categories at a glance.

4

Pie Charts

Parts of a Whole

A circle divided into sectors where the area of each sector is proportional to the frequency of that category.

Central Angle Formula

Example

If Category A has a relative frequency of 0.40 (40%):

The sector for Category A would span 144 degrees of the circle.

Try It Yourself

Frequency Distribution Calculator

Enter your raw qualitative data separated by commas, spaces, or new lines. The calculator will generate a complete frequency distribution table and charts.

No Data Yet

Enter some raw data above or click "Load Example" to see how it works.

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